Carbazole and its uses

Carbazole is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound.It has a tricyclic structure consisting of two six-membered benzene rings fused on both sides of a five-membered nitrogen-containing ring.The structure of this compound is based on the indole structure,but with a second benzene ring fused to the five-membered ring at the 2-3 positions of indole (corresponding to the 9a-4a double bond in carbazole, respectively).Carbazole is a component of tobacco smoke.

Benfotiamine 

Benfotiamine (rINN, or S-benzoylthiamine O-monophosphate) is a synthetic fat-soluble S-acyl derivative of thiamine (vitamin B1), approved in some countries as a drug or dietary supplement for the treatment of diabetic sensorimotor polymorphism Sexual neuropathy. Benfotiamine was developed in Japan in the late 1950s.

Uses

Benfotiamine is marketed primarily as an over-the-counter drug for the treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy.A 2021 review described two clinical trials in diabetic polyneuropathy with positive results and concluded that more research is needed.As of 2017, benfotiamine is marketed as a drug in many countries under the following brand names: Benalgis, Benfogamma, Benforce, Benfotiamina, Biotamin, Biotowa, Milgamma, and Vilotram.It is also marketed in some jurisdictions as a combination drug with cyanocobalamin as Milgamma, with pyridoxine as Milgamma, with metformin as Benforce-M, and with thiamine as Vitafos.

Side effects

Published data on side effects are scarce. In a study of the combination of benfotiamine, pyridoxine, and cyanocobalamin, nausea, dizziness, stomach pain, and weight gain occurred in about 8% of people taking the drug.

Pharmacology

Benfotiamine is dephosphorylated to S-benzoylthiamine by exoalkaline phosphatase present in the intestinal mucosa, and then hydrolyzed to thiamine by thioesterase in the liver.Benfotiamine is more bioavailable than thiamine salts,delivering higher levels of thiamine in the muscles, brain, liver, and kidneys.Benfotiamine acts on peripheral tissues mainly by increasing the activity of transketolase. 

Chemistry

Benfotiamine is a lipid derivative of thiamine, specifically a synthetic S-acyl vitamin B1 analogue; its chemical name is S-benzoylthiamine O-monophosphate.It has very low solubility in water or other aqueous solvents.